Sekinan Table: Essay 2021.17. 2018 Language. Auto translated by Google

17. 2018 Language

17.
2018
Language

17 .
2018
Language
2018 years
language

At one point, a person asked me why you kept chasing the language, and I couldn't answer right away. But after that, I was still worried about it, and after thinking for a while, I realized that the question almost overlapped with the question of what you had learned. So far, I've only learned really narrow things about language.

In another respect, my youth seems to have started by asking what modernity is. I was able to ask that question at that time because there were places in China and France. In China, modernity for me was the finest grammatology of the Qing dynasty. The modern era of France was a symbolic poem represented by Rambo, Verlaine and Laforgue.

But for me, both had a big wall of language. In the case of China, there was a struggle with the vast heritage of ancient Chinese, so-called Chinese classical studies, including grammatology and phonology. In the case of France, of course, the language was of course, but at the root, I didn't really understand the poetry itself.

For example, I've been familiar with English poetry little by little since high school, but the beauty of its weak prosody didn't feel comfortable to me no matter how much I read it aloud. Later, when I was reading the beginning of Shakespeare's play "Henry IV," I was able to feel the beauty of the rhythm of English poetry for the first time. I was really happy at this time.

In comparison, French poetry has a prosody similar to that of open vowels from ancient Japan, so the beauty of poetry based on vowels has been felt since I started learning French in high school. I was able to. But the basis of French symbolic poetry, such as the correlation between prosody and symbolism, was, of course, far beyond my level. After that, when I came into contact with Shintaro Suzuki's "French Poetry", I learned that it took 26 years from 1924 to 1950 to complete the work in "Postscript", and I am ignorant of myself. I was so impressed.

Therefore, while feeling my own ignorance, I continued to search for another route to language. The conclusions I made in it were quite simple. If the search for language is difficult anyway, the most fundamental question of what the essence of language is may be the center of my learning, in the latter half of my research student days at Wako. While taking "Structural Linguistics" by Professor Eiichi Chino, I became almost convinced.

One day after the lecture was over, I remember talking to Dr. Chino in front of the door like yesterday. Perhaps it was around the fall of 1985, when the end of research students was nearing. The teacher asked me, "What are you thinking now?" At that time, I almost dreamed that I would like to describe the internal structure of language, to be exact, the meaning of words, in set theory-based mathematics, while relying on the set theory of Godel and his ally Gaisi Takeuti. I was thinking about something close, so to be honest, the teacher was really angry and told me, "That's what something like Wittgenstein does, not what we do." rice field. I can't forget that.

But I ended up pursuing that dream. And even now it's probably an extension of that position. As the teacher said, it was a dream. However, it was the teacher who spun that dream for me. The Existence of the Prague Linguistics Circle and a treatise by Karzevskiy, "Duality of Linguistic Signs". If the teacher didn't show them to me, I wouldn't exist now.

COFFEE SHOP NAMED CALIFORNIA

So when asked why he kept chasing the language, he had no choice but to say that it was there. Like the mountains are there. I wrote that and sent it to the questioner Y one day by email . The full text is reprinted below, with most proper nouns clearly stated, with the exception of Relations .

" 　Letter to Y. Of Broad Language 4th Edition

Dear Y.,

1. From the definition of language to the direction of language research

1.1
I don't use the word" research "in Japanese very often , but I think about language here. To put it simply in terms of language research , I think the question is the purpose of language research and the application of language research .
When it comes to what language is, in general, language is a way for humans to convey their state of mind fairly precisely . Humans are usually supposed to speak and hear. It is a so-called natural language. However, I do not define such a so-called language in my own language research on language. My research, of course, includes natural language, but it is more extensive . Moreover, in my opinion, defining a language as a natural language is only ambiguous . This is the reason why super-languages are advocated in foundations of mathematics.

1.2
So I don't call my research linguistics, even in English linguistics, It does not use terms such as philology. Because these terms are centered around natural language. In my case, it's more extensive, so I just write research on language. This broad language, in my term, Broad Language , will be discussed later.
So, I wonder if there will be any confusion if it remains undefined, but in my case, the written content (probably) tells me the situation of the language I say, so it's more ambiguous. I have decided not to use the definition. Since I mainly use mathematics, the world that is built by the axioms and theorems is the language that I show. Mathematics is often described as having a history of 5,000 years since Greece, but it has refined results over its long history. It is often used in the field of probability and statistics that this result has been verified 100 million times, so it is probably okay, but that does not guarantee that there will be any problems when verified the 101st time. ..

1.3
Mathematics is not possible without absolute guarantees. That is the proof proof. However, the word "perfect" is not commonly used. This is because Kruto Godel proved incompleteness theorem  in 1928, which states that "the methods inherent in mathematics cannot be used to prove the completeness of mathematics ." The translation is now available at Iwanami Bunko, but I still don't understand the whole story. I read some kinds of proofs. From the outside, it may seem uneasy, but mathematics itself is unwavering even with these theorems .

1.4
Next, for example, in a language, I use the word distance. It would be quite difficult to define the word distance itself exactly in natural language .
Language space is also used, but defining space is still quite difficult in natural language.
Language change is often used, but where and how it changes, what is the substance if it changes, and if there is no substance, the change itself becomes meaningless. Also, when you start thinking about what changes are, you can no longer manage them . Wittgenstein's famous phrase is that "philosophy is a history of misunderstanding," but it seems that he has built something like a tower on the sand on top of the ambiguity of language.
Basically, even if you try to define a language in a language, you will have difficulty.I will omit the details, but progress has been made in the field of foundations of mathematics, especially since the 1970s. In the summer of 2017, Gaisi Takeuti, a Japanese pioneer of basic mathematics, died. I also learned a lot from him. The February 2018 issue of Mathematics Seminar features him. It was very interesting to me.
But I'm not denying philosophy. On the contrary, I think that my foundation is derived from philosophy .

1.5
That's why I no longer write the basics of the language in the language. It's easy to say this, but in my case it took me in my twenties to forties to get here.
At the end of the 1970s, probably during the summer vacation of 1978 (because I was a faculty member) at the age of 31, I was still in Tokyo, but I had started a research application treatise at the Tokyo Language Institute. It wasn't because I wanted to win a prize, but because I wanted to confirm my challenges. The content is what a sentence is in a language, so I tried to put together something like the preparatory stage of what I am currently thinking. The method tried to use the set theory of mathematics and the foundations of mathematics. In conclusion, as soon as I started writing, I was convinced that I couldn't write what I was aiming for in the accumulation at that time, and this plan was abandoned. By the way, in Europe and the United States, foundations of mathematics is positioned as a division of logic rather than a division of mathematics. I think that is better too.

1.6
Why did you cancel at this time? Of course, I have little knowledge of language and mathematics, and my ability is low, so I will list other things.
# 1 I tried to mainly use the set theory of mathematics, but the results of mathematics in that field at that time alone could not handle (probably) complex language situations.
# 2 Foundations of mathematics follows the development of logic, and it is not possible (at that time) to approach the roots of the language itself.
# 3 The whole language is vast, and I'm not sure where to focus on the language.
Was the main reason for the cancellation.

1.7
I returned to college in 1979 at the age of 32 and reunited with Eiichi Chino in linguistics (I first met in 1969 as a Russian teacher), where I mainly looked at the situation of the Prague Linguistics Circle in the 1920s. I was told in detail. Among them,  the existence of Sergej Karcevskij  came into me overwhelmingly. He pointed out the duality of language, which Chino called the only genius in his last book, The Open Door to Linguistics . Language is soft and flexible to absorb things from the outside world, but at the same time it has a strong and sturdy structure . He said that the essence of language lies in this contradictory duality. This is, broadly speaking, part of the semantics, but the most important thing in the language of this meaning, the research at the time, and still, as it is still too difficult, shelved, simpler phonology, etc. I went to the elaborate construction of. For example, American structural linguistics since the 1950s is a typical example. After that, I almost excluded the meaning of Chomsky's generative grammar, and searched mainly for the structure of the grammar. One person was a little prominent in this history. From Edward Sapir  , but I have many suggestions. The concept is Drift  . He reveals language and movement, the temporal element of language . This will later be linked to the existence of Perelman in me  .
After all, I didn't improve my Russian forever, but I still have a deep attachment to Russian, and I read a booklet of Russian grammar for the first time in a long time last year. Once upon a time, the grammar in Hakusuisha's Que Sais-jeu library was good, but this time Dover Publications' Brian Kemple book was concise, detailed and wonderful. It was also impressive that the author stated on page 94 as follows.
"the definitions do not pretend to be complete, or to settle points of interpretation that grammarians have been disputing for the past several hundred years."

1.8
Despite being one of the most important of languages, meaning has always been excluded in over 100 years of linguistics. After World War II, the field of general semantics expanded temporarily in the United States and other countries, but this was a Macro thing like what role language plays in society, and eventually sociology and humankind. It will be absorbed in the study. The meaning itself was still an undeveloped field. In my case, the philosophical ones are already based on Wittgenstein's keen criticism (verification) of philosophy, and with the addition of Karcevskij, I'm almost ready. I was already thinking of advancing with Kanji and the extremely rigorous linguistics (elementary school ) of modern China centered on Kanji, so my own refinement of mathematics as a writing method became an issue.

1.9
Fortunately, from around the 1980s, the era of dramatic development in mathematics and its application to a wide range of fields has arrived. Iwanami Shoten has spent almost 30 years preparing a series of mathematics in the order of introductory, basic, and development. Kyoritsu Shuppan also traditionally had a series, so it continues to publish various modern achievements in mathematics and is still in progress. I'm now reading the "Mathematics Shine" series.
It is symbolized by a mathematician saying in a conversation, "Now we have finally accumulated the accumulation of mathematics to describe problems in various fields," but what I stopped in the 1970s. Now, I can write my own problem while freely choosing abundant mathematical methods. Here we have philosophy-Wittgenstein, subject-elementary school such as Kingdom Wei, purpose-Karcevskij, method-Algebraic Geometry algebraic geometry . It's in the mid-1980s.

1.10 In　　　
1986, after finishing my university research student, I quit my faculty, created a library, and was able to concentrate on language research. Of course, the biggest thing was the understanding of the people around me. My income has dropped sharply, but I am still able to secure the minimum income with Chinese professors, history courses, Buddhist courses, Japanese language teachers, etc. In 1985, Professor A talked about a lecturer at K University. At that time, the university was endlessly grateful to me, but it was no longer the main field I was advancing.

1.11 Since
1986, I aimed at the direction of Karcevskij while reading mainly Chinese literature, Buddhist literature, etc., but when I was admitted to Ome Municipal General Hospital due to pneumonia in 2002, I happened to be able to think intensively. So, based on the paper of Kingdom Wei, the language, in my case, kanji, but the problem of time inherent in it is summarized in On Time Property Inherent in Characters , the nature of time inherent in language. It was about . During this period, I explored the direction of my language research from a Macro perspective, which was later uploaded under the title Manuscript of Quantum Theory for Language  . Both of them went skiing in Hakuba, Nagano Prefecture in March 2003, and when everyone was skiing, I concentrated on myself and made the final summary. nostalgic. Episode

1.12
is skipped, but it was around this time that I learned the depth of Buddhist literature. Taisho Shinshu Okurakyo / Japanese Buddhist Complete BookThe literature of the end of Buddhism in India is particularly interesting, for example, the spiral structure of the world is clearly shown by the 4th and 5th centuries AD. It is interesting to compare with the situation of modern biology such as DNA, but easy analogy should be avoided. Although I have a deep attachment in the early days of molecular biology derived from physics.
In Japan, I mainly read Saicho and Kukai . The impression is that Saicho is hard to read and Kukai is easy to read. Professor Tadayoshi Kondo of Japanese literature, which I admire, was asked by a former Soviet scholar to send Kukai's "Bunkyo Hidden Theory" and fulfilled his promise, but he wrote in an essay that he himself had not read it. Was done. This book has no similar books of the same period and is highly regarded as a phonology of the Tang dynasty, but it is also worth reading as a modern phonology. However, it will be difficult to read unless punctuation is struck. Now there are good books in China. I bought the book and read it through. It may have been a far distant report to Professor Kondo.

1.13
Unauthorized ・ I read the Buddhist theory of Vasubandhu in the Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo, but as a high peak of philosophy in the Orient, there is something that involuntarily corrects the collar regardless of the presence or absence of faith. I still want to read it repeatedly if I have time. From the time I entered university, my belief in starting from the Orient seems to have come to fruition.
Last year 2017 autumn, at the Tokyo National Museum, sculptor of the Kamakura period, there is a special exhibition of the Unkei, after a long time statues of Asanga and Vasubandhu was reunited. I saw it at Kofukuji Temple in Nara when I was in my thirties. There is also a sitting statue of Chogen who promoted the reconstruction of Todaiji Temple.I met again. The first sight of this statue was at the Kyoto National Museum, and when I visited there was no one but me on the floor. The statue of the high priest at that time was a peaceful old priest who had finished the promotion, but when he met again last fall, the old priest felt much more youthful and fulfilling than I did. I felt my old age and the passage of time.
In addition , I remember the time when I read through the elaborate "Sangoku Buddhist Hoden Tsuneyuki", a scholar of Todaiji Temple in the Kamakura period, recommended by my former teacher, Tsuneyuki Kawasaki, with my two friends. This is how I became familiar with Chinese writing.
I will omit the elementary school in modern China for now.

2. 2. Why is linguistic research so attractive, and why there are developments and applications from it?

2.1
Base is my theory lover. When I was in high school, I was most attracted to theoretical physics. In my case, it was not the direction of Hideki Yukawa's discovery of mesons, but the super-multi-time theory of Shinichiro Tomonaga . The whole picture is quite difficult, but if you have knowledge of calculus and differential equations, it is quite difficult. I later organized it myself and summarized the temporality of the language. Suggested by Wang Guowei and Sapir. Considering now, in a scalar, the conversion from theoretical physics to language is probably also that there was a considerable necessity. During this time, it was a great harvest to notice the existence of a clear physicist named Dirac. Yoichiro Nambu, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics last year and died, wrote about the beauty of this Englishman in his essay.

2.2
Along with this theory lover, I also liked the philosophical direction of seeking the roots. It was ambiguous in high school, but later in the 1970s, in my late twenties, Wittgenstein  's translations came out one after another, and while reading them, he took a fundamental look at the legacy of philosophy. In consideration, philosophical ambiguity should be avoided and we have begun to seek a different direction. As a result, mathematics seemed to be the most effective. I've loved mathematics since high school, and when I was in my third year trying to find a solution to the motion of physics, the most effective was the differential equation, but I couldn't solve it at the level of high 3 calculus. It was impressive that I thought that I would not be after college.

2.3 In my
twenties, I was studying mathematics little by little while working as a teacher. At this time, in Kanda, I met Bourbaki  , a French mathematics group . This set the direction for my mathematics after that. Bourbaki's intent was that anyone could go from a clear and concise starting point to the pinnacle of complex modern mathematics, but instead of being precise, it was enormous, and I studied in detail while looking sideways at its existence. Continued.

As
mentioned in 2.4 1.7 , from 1986 to 2003, we had Wittgenstein, Wang Guowei, Karcevskij, and Algebraic Geometry, so we were finally ready to move. The appeal of this research is a. First of all, no matter what you do, it will never be completed , in short, it is infinite.Is the biggest. I'm not very interested in finite things. In terms of content, b. Language is a great tool for humans, but it is also an elaborate and often misleading annoyance. Liar's paradox, or self-referenced self-reference, are examples. Wittgenstein describes such a situation in detail. Moreover,  c. The meaning of the language is an impregnable lone castle that has been given up for almost 100 years .
In other words, the infinite, refined, impregnable if aligned three and, climbers aiming to unexplored peak would be almost the same as that. Someone said, why climb a mountain , because there is a mountain there, is an eternal saying.

2.5
My position is as above, but I usually hardly think about whether there is any development or application in the real world from there, but if I force it, I can think of one thing now. ..
It is a medical application. I don't do that much, but I think that only the theoretical direction is mathematically possible at this stage, and I'm not mainly aiming for application for that, but now in progress. The genre called Preliminary on　the right side of  my Site,　Geometrization LanguageIs that.  Geometrization Language means something like 　" geometric language ".

2.6
First, we need to briefly show what geometry is. In 1980, Thurston submitted a conjecture that predicts that a three-dimensional closed manifold will be decomposed into eight different geometries  . In the early 1980s Hamilton is this expected to be formulated as a kind of equation , Perelman from 2002 to 2003 was finally settled. To be more concise, 3D figures can be classified into 8 types, and their formulation is possible.

2.7 From
here on, it's my reasoning. In the field of medicine, various iconographic image analyzes are now performed  and used to identify diseases and the stage of disease progression. The judgment of this analysis depends on the visual inspection of the doctor, but as the images are diversified and the amount is enormous, nowadays, they are classified by statistical processing and divided into several types in detail. It seems that the decision has come to be made. If it becomes possible to classify this statistical accumulation by geometry , the iconography will be mathematically formulated and the formula will be translated into natural language, so that the iconographic analysis will be precise and accurate. Will be something that can be shared with .

2.8 As I
mentioned earlier , I am not doing language research for such applications. As shown in 2.4, I'm just one mountaineer who has a longing for unexplored peaks. I just made a small Base Camp far below Takamine . There are probably countless such mountaineers in the world. But all these comparisons and patrols disappear when you see the unexplored peaks towering in the blue sky. Because there is a mountain there.

2.9
Let's hurry to the immediate conclusion.  I am thinking of incorporating the icons shown in 2.6, 2.7, etc. into the domain of language. Emoji Emoji is also included, and LATEX is also included. I  call this area of language Broad Language, a broad language for me. This includes the Egyptian hieroglyph and the ancient Chinese hieroglyph , the oracle bone script Jaguwen . But my field is not semiotics that was popular for a while. I think Semiotics is a fertile Hirono, but the method is not clear. I will refrain from detailing it for now.
With this in mind, you can imagine how important the ancient Chinese oracle bone script after 1400 BC is. Kanji is an existing character system that has inherited the ancient elephant shape without interruption and is an important field of language. I first studied this kanji.

2.10
Can you see the development of my language research? The meaning of language is clearly expressed in mathematics as a geometric figure including temporal changes. However, I have hardly thought about such development. I just start walking with less luggage to build the next Base Camp. To climb high, you should have less luggage. Kanji and math are enough for my luggage . In order to prevent oxygen deficiency , you will sometimes need Chinese elementary school and Chinese translation Buddhist texts, Duan Yucai, Wang Guowei, Zhang Binglin, Taisho Tripitaka Daizokyo, and Japan Daizokyo . The Linguistic Circle of Prague in the 1920s  remains a great source of energy supplementation . I don't know how close you can get to the unexplored peak. That's no longer what I ask.
Since this essay was written with a focus on memory, there may be some memory differences in small years. I'm also not sure if it answers the question. Please forgive me for that point.
When I wrote this, I remembered the words written in the book by a Buddhist teacher in Kyoto. When the teacher talked about Buddhism in Tibet at night while surrounding a bonfire, the Buddhist monks uttered sutras based on their memories, but the teacher studied based on the literature on the desk. He said he couldn't respond quickly because he was doing it. It also showed a sincere attitude towards Buddhism and was struck by the depth of faith and scholarship.
Please stay healthy.

Cordially,
5 February 2018
TANAKA Akio　 "