Sunday 7 April 2019

What is signal? The existence that generates language Preface-Main Issue 5 Time and ideogram Completed Edition 7 April 2019

What is signal? The existence that generates language
Preface-Main Issue 5  Time and ideogram
Completed Edition
7 April 2019


The existence that generates language
2018-2019
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References
Reference is cited from the papers written
at SekinanLibrary and SRFL
28 February 2019


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Main Issue 1
Quantum Group 
Main Issue will be written from the angle of Quantum group. 

2 March 2019


Contents

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Main Issue 3

Broad language

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Main Issue 4

Space and Boundary

Contents

  1. Why is boundary necessary in language?
  2. Boundary of Words
  3. Frame-Sentence Language  Boundary
  4. Language and Spacetime
    1 Language   Definition for the Child who Lost the World
    2 Word Containing Time and 4 Dimensional Sphere
    3 Structure of Word
    4 Generation of Sentence
    5 Description of Meaning
    6 Shift of Time
    7 Construction of Spacetime specially on Transformation with boundary for  Dimensions
    8 Stability of Language
    9 Time Flow in Word


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Main Issue 5

Time and ideogram

Contents


  1. On Time Property Inherent in Characters 
  2. Aurora Theory Distance and Time  <Language Multi-Time Conjecture 3>  5th Time for KARCEVSKIJ

  3. Aurora Theory

    From Gauss Plane to Aurora

    Dictoron   Quantum and Trace [AT1]

    Dictoron and Aurora
    ＜Language is aurora dancing above us.> [AT2]

    Aurora and Curvature [AT3]

    Dictoron as Language quantum [AT4]

    Aurora and Riemann Sphere [AT5]

    Dictoron, Time and Symmetry
    ＜Language Multi-Time Conjecture> [AT6]

    Limitation of Meaning [AT7]

    Aurora Plane [AT8]

    Dictoron and Time [AT9]

    Word, Phrase and Sentence
    ＜Language Multi-Time Conjecture 2> [AT10]

    Distance and Time
    ＜Language Multi-Time Conjecture 3>   5th Time for KARCEVSKIJ [AT11]

    Why Human Time Flows Fast and Slow on Occasion
     <Interlude for Multi-Time Conjecture> [IL1]


    Read more: https://srfl-paper.webnode.com/products/aurora-theory-contents/

  4. Aurora Time Theory

    From Gauss Plane to Aurora 2

    Time on Aurora [ATT1]

    Imaginary Time and Imaginary Space   From HAWKING Stephen [ATT2]

    Enlarged Distance Theory [ATT3]

    Opened Time and Closed Time   For WANG Guowei <Bridge between Physics and Linguistics> [ATT4]

    Opened Time and Closed Time Revised   For WANG Guowei and DELBRÜCK Max [ATT4-2]


    Read more: https://srfl-paper.webnode.com/products/aurora-time-theory-contents/

     Ideogram Paper​
  1. Ideogram 2005
  2. Egyptian Hieroglyph Exhibition, Journey through the Afterlife Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead by The British Museum 2012
  3. Macro Time and Micro Time  2013
  4. Essence of Language 2016
  5. The Days of Decipherment 2016
  6. The Days of Ideogram 2017
  7. The Days of Ideogram 2017
  8. The comparison between 2003 and 2017 From Chinese character's meaning structure to Homological algebraic model of language universals 2017 
  9. Letter to Y.  Toward geometrization of language 2018
  10. Letter to Y. Of Broad Language 4th edition 2018
  11. Determination of the concept, Broad Language 2018
  12. Ars longa Seeing Masterpieces o f French Landscape Paintings from the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow 2018 

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Text 1


On Time Property Inherent in Characters  
TANAKA Akio 

Here I will try to consider on the generation and the function of characters that have been used in Chinese which is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology.

Concerning the early forms of characters, we can verify them by the ancient inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell that were discovered at /Yinxu/ and so forth. At the first stage that is usually classified to five on the inscriptions, they already displayed the inceptive completion, from where it is very difficult to speculate the beginning shapes of characters. On vocabulary and syntax, inscriptions displayed the almost same inceptive completion. Here what is inceptive completion is meant that comprehension or speculation is practicable by the usage of modern Chinese. Therefore the generation and the function of characters are subsidiary after the inscriptions. On the situation of forming the inscriptions namely explanation to decipher inscriptions, many researches are accumulated. Here, in these researches, I proceed with consideration claiming the works of after 1990 in main.

1 Generation of characters

When we see the inscription of character /yu/ that means bringing up in English, it is impossible to doubt that this inscription shows the situation of childbirth time by woman. In this inscription the situation of childbirth is shown by three stages. First there is a figure in which woman is going to give birth to a baby crossing both arms at the front of her chest. She takes a bent-forward posture, sticks her buttocks out and bend her knees gently. Second the situation of what the waters break is shown by the signs similar to dotted lines. Third at central or under part of the waters, a new born baby is shown in the shape of baby’s head inverted. Through three factors illustrated in the inscription, character /yu/ is clearly expressed the situation of childbirth time and the immediately after the birth time.

When we see the inscription of character /yan/ that means language or speak in English, the form of the inscription is simplified or transformed considerably at the first stage of classification on inscriptions. So the explanation to decipher inscriptions is developed variously. Here I will show one interpretation including the result of Chinese archeology in recent years. A form of character /yan/ is able to see the three parts that are upper, middle and under. According to the result of Chinese archeology, the upper part is regarded as the tongue’s point of a bronze bell used at meeting in /Yin/ period. The central part of character /yan/ is the body of a tongue. The under part of character /yan/ is regarded to be the outside of a bell. In /Yin/ period, at the time to let the meeting begin, the bronze-like bell was ringed loudly to let the people connected to know. When the meeting was opened, the bell was inferred to put up side down on a table. That is to say, the main body of a bell is inferred to be putted up side down and the tongue of a bell is inferred to be putted upward on the form of bell’s setting. This setting of a bell is shaped regarded to become the character’s form of inscription of on bone and tortoiseshell.   According to this interpretation of the inscription, /yan/ can be said to show the situation of post-notification of a meeting in /Yin/ period.

Therefore the figuration of the reversed bell was regarded to become the inscription of character /yan/.

   When we see the inscription of character /geng/ that means to cross in English, we comprehend that the inscription shows the two parallel lines in which a bow pattern is included. WANG Guowei†0 regarded that this inscription is as same as the character /heng/ that means permanent or lasting in English. Now I follow his interpretation. He wrote in his paper that two up-and-down lines are both banks of a river and inner bow shaped figure is a ship which goes and returns between the banks†1. According to this interpretation, /geng/ or /heng/ shows the operations of crossing a river, that operations are permanently repeated in an identical space†1.

From the inscriptions of three characters of /yu/, /yan/ and /geng/, now we can induce or infer the following.

First, Inscriptions which are original shapes of characters, in some cases, have a proceeding time in characters themselves. That is to say, as for character /yu/, that means the time of childbirth, from beginning to end. As for character /yan/, that means the time of meeting, from announcement to being open. As for character /heng/, that means the proceeding time of crossing the river by ferry.

Second, on the inscriptions, several aspects of the various phenomena which occur on the proceeding time in characters are sometimes shown by the images or implications. As for character /yu/, remarkable aspects’ figures are bending mother’s body, amniotic fluid and new born baby†2. As for character /yan/, the one remarkable is the bell which is set in the upside down condition, which means the announcement of meeting which was already opened a few minutes ago. The other remarkable is the same bell which is set on the table in the upside down condition, which means the meeting is now going†3. As for character /heng/, remarkable aspects are both banks and a ferry boat.

Third, on the inscriptions, several aspects, which are shown by the remarkable figures, transmit the messages. As for character /yu/, babybirth from mother’s body, the situation of birth time and new baby appeared in this world are transmitted simultaneously by the one character /yu/. As for character /yan/, transmitting is announcement of meeting, opening of meeting and contents of being discussed by the meeting. As for character /heng/, work of crossing the river, reach the opposite bank of the river and repetitions of these works, namely, constancy are transmitted for the information.

Therefore from the induction or inference on the generation of character’s meaning above mentioned, the following function of characters is led for us.

2 Function of characters

   First, the time-proceeding aspect being inhered in every character has the strong tendency toward the most distinctive information of the real world. As for character /yu/, while woman is giving birth to a baby, the most distinctive information is the figure of mother’s body bending, and after birth, the existence of a new baby becomes the most distinctive information†2. The various grammatical functions of one character are generated from the time proceeding and successive phenomena of distinctive aspects in the real world.

As for character /yu/, at the birth time, verbal aspect of giving birth is emphasized, but after birth nounal aspect of a new born baby oneself is emphasized. As for character /yan/, before the meeting verbal aspect of telling the opening is the most important thing, but while being opened or after the meeting the nounal aspect of speaking content of the meeting is the most valuable thing†3. 

Second, when two or over two characters are connected, every character wants to emphasizes selecting one distinctive aspect inherent in oneself, and want to connect to the other character or characters. Because if two or over two aspects is transmitted, there will appear the non-clearness in the information. As for character /yu/, connection with character /sheng/ (which means grow in English), namely /sheng yu/, in this situation /yu/ means give birth to in English. Connection with /cai/ (which means a person of talent in English), namely /yu cai/, in this situation /yu/ means educate in English. That is to say, character /yu/ has two phases of meanings. One is concerned with the situation of child-birth of mother’s body. The other is concerned with the situation of a person that is already growing.

Third, every character has several aspects of inherent time inclination. When there is a connection of two characters, each character has the choosing operation from the several meanings in the character. Two or over two characters generate a new meaning complex by the operations of choosing the most precedent meaning in the each. This complex can maintain the new clearness of information on the connection of characters which have many branches of meanings in total.

For example, from above mentioned characters /yu/, /yan/ and /heng/, when two characters /heng/ and /yan/ are connected to one word /heng yan/, /heng/ chooses the meaning constant in English and /yan/ chooses the meaning utterance in English. New meaning complex is the expression by the stable person. This /heng yan/ appears in the Chinese classic Mengzi by the complex meaning.

Then, when every individual character does selectivity of aspects, what functions does work in the characters? On the other hand, when two or over two characters connect by the choosing the most precedent meaning respectively, what functions does work out of the characters?

3 Self selectivity of function on character 

Now I examine the situation of what two or over two characters connect and generate the new aspect complex. For instance, I adopt above mentioned characters connection word /heng yan/.

In the first place, /yan heng/, which is a reverse disposition of /heng yan/, is examined. This characters disposition is not notified as the one word generally in the Chinese. This characters set is usually recognized as a sentence. The meaning is <The utterance is eternal.> in English. That is to say, this characters set does not generate new aspect complex and two aspects of every individual character form in a line. Why this divergence, namely generating word or sentence, occurs in the characters disposition?

Here I infer that< time property inherent in characters> is worked. Detailed inference is mentioned below.

On <time inherent in characters>, time has various longitudes, from short to long. As the case stands that two times in two characters touch in succession and the former character’ time is longer than the latter character’ time, these two characters connect tightly and generate a new aspect complex. But on the reverse situation, that is to say, the former character has shorter time than the latter character, these two characters have the difficulty to generate a new aspect complex, every individual character has a tendency to stand alone each other.

As for characters connection /heng yan/, character /heng/ has <an eternally long time> inherent, on the other hand, character /yan/ has <a temporary short time>. Like this connection of characters that the former is long time inherent and the latter is short time inherent, a new aspect complex is generated in principle.

Therefore characters /heng yan/ become one word and characters /yan heng/ become one sentence which is constituted from the two characters.

That is to say, on Chinese language that is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology, for there are no phenomena of declension, the main them of the grammatical functions is the break of words, namely characters, and the selection of parts of speech.

On the decision of grammatical functions, now I institute two conceptions for language. One is <time inherent in characters>. The other is <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>.

<Time inherent in characters> is above mentioned. <Self selectivity of aspects> is also above mentioned. Say over again, when time inherent in the successive character is shorter than the former character’s, two characters are composed and become one word. But the latter is longer than the former; two characters are not composed and become one sentence.

As a result, there become two divergences. One is the generation of a new aspect complex. The other is succession of two individual aspects. The former become a word. The latter become a sentence.

This distinction leads a new view for the generation of lexis and the structure of syntax. Time inherent in characters is examined by the property of characters, especially by the inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell in ancient China. Therefore <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters> is a hypothesis in the present stages.

4 Time principle on language

 Generally, recognition of word or structure of meaning on word, which is estimated one of the most important themes on linguistics, is extremely difficult to examine for long time. For the examination of the theme, now I chose the inscriptions on ancient China. These inscriptions are the most effective materials for analyzing the structure of meaning on language. Then, one of the most effective means is to verify <Time inherent in characters> and <Self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>. Now I collectively call these two factors as <Time principle on language>.


Hakuba March 28, 2003
Written by Japanese
Original Edition

Tokyo January 3, 2005
Translated into English
Standard Edition

Sekinan Research Field of Language
 
[Postscript June 23, 2008]
†0<WANG Guowei>
  1. Sekinan Research Field of Language / 5 WANG Guowei / Tokyo November 8, 2004
  2. For WANG Guowei

†1<Period>
  1. Stochastic Meaning Theory / June 22, 2008

†2<Multi-time>
  1. Clifford Algebra / Note 5 / TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-Time Theory / Tokyo January 25, 2008

†3<Time flow>
  1. Time Theory / Tokyo December 25, 2004
  2. Language and spacetime / Time Flow in Word / Tokyo May 3, 2007

<More details on the theme>
  1. Invitation by Theme-Time / Tokyo January 6, 2008

[Postscript July 11. 2008]
  1. Solid Trace Theory / Solid Trace / Tokyo April 19, 2006
  2. For Authentication of Solidity / Tokyo November 6, 2005

[Postscript December 23, 2008]
  1. Energy Distance Theory / Conjecture 2 / Geometry of Word / Tokyo November 23, 2008
  2. Complex Manifold Deformation Theory / Conjecture 5 / Time of Word / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com

[Postscript July 30, 2014]
  1. TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-time Theory / Clifford Algebra Note 5 / 25 January 2008 / Note added 30 July 2014


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Text 2





Distance and Time
<Language Multi-Time Conjecture 3>
 5th Time for KARCEVSKIJ




1
Sentence that appears aurora is expressed by integral on Riemann sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
2
Sentence has distance that is expressed by the height of trapezium on sentence plane.
Refer to the following paper.
3
Sentence has time that is expressed by the vector on the right or left side of trapezium.
| AB | = S・tb-a 
 Here |   | is distance between phrase A and phrase B, abbreviated to DAB.
S is velocity of moving DAB.
tb-a is time-lag of phrase A and phrase B. Each phrase generates according to its peculiar time.
Now the radius of Riemann sphere is r. The angle made by vector A and vector B is θ.
Here θ is Function (xa, ya, xb, yb), and any point (x, y) is on complex plane.
DAB is expressed by 2 r sinθ/2.
 S is expressed by 2 r sinθ/2 / tb-a.
Now when tb-a is unit time 1, S is expressed 2 r sinθ/2.
S is variable by pointing word on complex plane.
So Dictoron’s velocity on Riemann sphere is variable.
Refer to the following papers.

Tokyo October 28, 2006
Postscript January 25, 2008
[Basis]
[References]
<Past work on multi-time themes>
<For more details>



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Text 3



Dictoron and Time



1
Objection from words of complex plane to the Poles of Riemann sphere makes aurora plane that consists of phrases and sentences.
Refer to the following paper.
2
Situation of aurora’ phrase is expressed by longitude, latitude and direction to the next phrase.
Refer to the following paper on direction.
3
Now Riemann sphere has a unit radius.
Refer to the following paper.
4
When word is written on complex plane, phrase is indicated on Riemann sphere to which dictoron radiates from the origin of the sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
5
Word on complex plane corresponds to frame on Frame-Quantum Theory.
Phrase on Riemann sphere corresponds to quantum on Frame-Quantum Theory.
Refer to the following paper.
Also refer to the following papers.
Also refer to the following papers groups.
6
Dictoron has spin.
Refer to the following paper.
7
Dictoron has two units of information at the same time.
Refer to the following paper.
8
Dictoron has ability to work as quantum computing.
Refer to the following paper.
9
When dictoron at the origin of the sphere reaches on Riemann sphere, phrase is generated.
When dictoron on Riemann sphere returns to the origin of the sphere, phrase is extinguished.
Refer to the following paper.
10
When dictoron moves between the origin and surface of Riemann sphere, phrase is generated and extinguished.
11
Generation and extinction of phrase are called time progression and time regression.
12
Now place of dictoron is expressed by the combination of longitude, latitude, direction and time.
13
The combination is indicated by the coordinates (x, y, z, and t).
14
The coordinates has symmetry.
Refer to the following paper.
15
From symmetry of coordinates, there exists reverse phrase point on Riemann sphere by symmetric transformation.
16
Dictoron’s movement to the point has reverse progression.
17
Time to the reverse progression has reverse progression time.
The time is called imaginary time.
Refer to the following paper.
18
Place on Riemann sphere expresses time and imaginary time of dictoron.
19
Place of imaginary time makes imaginary word on complex plane.
Refer to the following paper.
20
Word and imaginary word indicate language universe.
Refer to the following paper.
21
The universe is measured by distance.
Refer to the following paper.
22
Time concerning about dictoron is also measured by distance.
Refer to the following paper.
23
Distance makes matrix (x, y, z, t) (-x, -y, -z, -t).
24
There comes matrix (-x2, -y2, -z2, -t2).
25
Now becomes function – (x2+y2+z2+t2). The function is called function I.
26
Function I specifies a line segment.
27
The segment expresses dictoron’s movement containing progression and regression of time and imaginary time.

Tokyo October 21, 2006



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Text 4




Dictoron, Time and Symmetry
<Language Multi-Time Conjecture>




A
1 Dictoron is language quantum that has meaning.
Dictoron is now represented by photon.
2 Meaning is indicated by quantum’s spin that is classified to upward and downward.
3 Dictoron is discharged from Riemann sphere’s center point.
Riemann sphere has the radius that is photon’s unit speed 1.
4 Dictoron is on Riemann’s sphere after photon’s unit time.
5 Here dictoron has time that is indicated by vector.
6 Dictoron’s place is on Riemann sphere whenever dictoron has any vector.
7 Projection of Riemann sphere’s surface from North Pole of Riemann sphere to orthogonal coordinates is expressed by complex plane.
8 Riemann sphere of time’s expression is symmetry at any time that has various vectors.
9 If Riemann sphere has electrical charge, dictoron is affected by the charge.
10 Dictoron’ meaning, now indicated by spin, is expressed by quantum’s spin situation on Riemann sphere.
11 Quantum’s situation is projected to complex number field.
12 Dictoron is expressed by norm space.
B
13 Riemann sphere is symmetrical on time, namely any vector.
14 Different time vector has different projected complex number field.
15 Dictoron’s movement to Riemann sphere let us conjecture existence of multi-time.
Refer to the following paper.

Tokyo October 6, 2006


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Text 5





Why Human Time Flows Fast and Slow on Occasion




1 Word is expressed on complex plane and phrase is expressed on Riemann sphere.
2 When word is presented at regular intervals, namely unit time 1, velocity of dictoron’s movement on Riemann sphere becomes to be variable.
Refer to the following paper.
3 Here human mind be on Riemann sphere and outer world be on complex plane, regular presentation of words on complex plane makes variable velocity consequence on Riemann sphere.
4 Concentration is in whether human mind has Riemann sphere or not.
Refer to the following paper in early work on characters.

Tokyo October 28, 2006



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Text 6


1 Language is expressed by word, phrase and sentence in Aurora Theory.
Word is on complex plane.
Phrase is on Riemann sphere.
Sentence is trapezium in Riemann sphere.
Aurora appears phrase on Riemann sphere.
Aurora also appears sentence in Riemann sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
2 Surface of Riemann sphere is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
3 Dictoron’s distance from coordinates’ origin after unit time is 1.
After unit time, dictoron that is represented by photon reaches the surface that has distance 1.
Refer to the following paper.
4 Dictoron’s distance is expressed by ct.
c is light velocity. t is time.
ct is 1 after unit time.
x2 + y2 + z2 = (ct) 2
5 Now function F is presented from dictoron’s distance.
Function is expressed by F = (ct) 2 - x2 - y2 - z2.
6 Here F be invariant, F becomes Minkowski space.
F’s invariant is given by interval.
Interval is expressed by generating Riemann sphere’s surface. It is abbreviated to GRSS.
7 GRSS is objected to complex plane by unit circle and its inside.
The circle is on z = -1 plane.
8 Minkowski space is expressed on complex plane containing time dimension.

Tokyo November 5, 2006


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Text 7




Imaginary Time and Imaginary Space

From HAWKING Stephen




1 Language is expressed by word, phrase and sentence in Aurora Theory, abbreviated to AT.
Refer to the following paper.
2 Dictoron reaches Riemann sphere that has the radius r1 of 1 by the time t1 from the origin of coordinates.
Riemann sphere is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
Here c is light velocity, r1 = c t1 = 1.
Refer to the following paper.
3 Dictoron has distance that is abbreviated to ds.
In Aurora Theory, phrase is expressed on Riemann sphere by dictoron’s radiation from coordinate’s origin.
Phrase takes shape when ds = 1.
Phrase does not take shape when ds < 1 or ds > 1.
4 Now in Aurora Time Theory, abbreviated to ATT, 4 dimensional sphere that has the radius 1 is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 + t2 = 1.
Here t is time dimension.
5 In ATT, phrase takes shape when ds = 1 and phrase does not take shape when ds < 1 or ds > 1.
6 In ATT, t2 = 1 – (x2 + y2 + z2).
When x2 + y2 + z2 > 1, t2< 0.
t becomes imaginary number.
7 In AT and ATT, word is expressed on complex plane and phrase is expressed on the sphere. ds has real number 1.
8 In ATT, t is expressed by 1/c. Here c is light velocity. So t be imaginary number, the expression is i/c.
9 4 dimensional coordinates in ATT, when t is expressed by i, the sphere is expressed by x2 + y2 + z2 = 2.
10 In ATT, when ds = 1 and the sphere is x2 + y2 + z2 = 2, dictoron is in the sphere. So phrase does not make shape.
11 Dictoron in ATT has magnitude by the definition that is expressed by ds.
When t is imaginary unit i, remained magnitude to the destination for phrase is 1.
12 If t be imaginary unit i, non-existential space that is measured by remained magnitude 1 is to be existent.
13 When t is imaginary number, now verified imaginary unit i, t is called imaginary time.
14 Imaginary time makes <should-not-be-existent-but-logically demanded> space in the ATT’s sphere.
The space is called imaginary space.

Tokyo November 11, 2006


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Text 8




Enlarged Distance Theory

For CELAN Paul
Ansprache anläβlich der Entgegennahme des Literaturpreises der Freien Hansestadt Bremen




1 Language was supposed to have distance for mainly making sentence.
Refer to the following paper under roughly sketched situation.
2 Distance in 4 dimensional space is indicated by Minkowski space.
(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2-(Δx)2-(Δy)2-(Δz)2
Δs is distance. c is light velocity. Δt = t2-t1. Δx = x2-x1. Δy = y2-y1 Δz = z2-z1.
3 Now if time is imaginary time it by being showed from HAWKING S., distance is indicated by Euclid space.
-(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2+(Δx)2+(Δy)2+(Δz)2
Here distance (Δs) becomes imaginary number.
This distance means that 4 dimensional space has imaginary number’s distance. The distance is abbreviated to imaginary distance.
Imaginary distance is in imaginary space.
Refer to the following paper.
4 Imaginary distance is interpreted by the following.
4-1 On complex plane imaginary number is objected to the circle that is expressed by y2 + z2 = 1.
The circle is called to imaginary ring.
4-2 Imaginary ring expresses point at infinity of hyperboloid by Caley transformation.
4-3 In consequence, on point at infinity, imaginary distance is expressed on the circle.
4-4 In 4 dimensional space, on point at infinity, the imaginary distance is expressed on a circle.
5 Thus supposition is the following.
In 4 dimensional space, distance on point at infinity is definitely expressed by HAWKING’s imaginary time.

Tokyo November 20, 2006


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Text 9



Opened Time and Closed Time





1 Time is classified to opened time and closed time.
2 Opened time is a real time in our world.
3 Closed time is an artificial time in artificial things.
For instance, Chinese characters have closed time.
Refer to the following paper.
Also refer to the following papers.
Also refer to the following papers.
Perspective on the theme is indicated below.
4 Closed time has starting point and ending point.
On Chinese character /kun/, meaning difficult in English, the situation of closed time is explained in the concrete.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the theme is indicated below.
5 Now closed time be supposed to be a definite line or plane, the time is thinkable by closed set on topological space.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the themes is indicated below.
6 In Aurora Theory, word of language is expressed on complex plane, phrase of language is expressed on Riemann sphere and sentence is expressed in Riemann sphere.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the themes is indicated below.
7 In Aurora Time Theory, language is connected with time by Minkowski space.
Refer to the following paper.
8 In Minkowski space, distance of language is supposed to be measured by disparity between time and place.
(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2-(Δx)2-(Δy)2-(Δz)2
Here time be imaginary being showed by HAWKING S., distance is supposed to be measured by addition between time and place.
-(Δs)2≡(cΔt)2+(Δx)2+(Δy)2+(Δz)2
The distance becomes imaginary number.
The distance is called to imaginary distance.
Imaginary distance is expressed on a circle on point at infinity.
Imaginary time, imaginary distance and infinity is defined by closed set on topological space.
Refer to the following paper.
Perspective on the themes is indicated below.
9 There appears conjecture on time.
Conjecture 1   Closed time is in writing.
Conjecture 2   Imaginary time is in closed time.
Conjecture 3   Imaginary distance is in imaginary time.
Conjecture 4   Imaginary spacetime is in Riemann sphere by objecting from complex plane of word and phrase.
Conjecture 5   Real time is in opened time and imaginary time is in closed time. Both are expressed by Riemann sphere.

Tokyo November 25, 2006
Tokyo November 26, 2006 Dedication, consideration 8 and Conjecture Revised


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Text 10

Ideogram
 
TANAKA Akio
 
 
1 <Ideogram> is a unit for <frame> of language.
2 <Ideogram> is a figure which has two parts, <meaning> and <grammar>.
3 As a figure, <ideogram> is recognized in an instant.
4 <Ideogram> generates <quantum> in <system>.
5 Now there are 5 <ideogram>s, namely, [ I, meet, he, library, yesterday].
6 There becomes <quantum>, namely, / I meet he library yesterday. /
7 New <quantum> returns to <ideogram> .
8 New <ideogram>s are 6, [ I, meet. he. library, yesterday, I meet he library yesterday ].
9 There add 3<ideogram>s. [met, him, at].
10 New <quantum> is generated, / I met him at library yesterday. / .
11 <Ideogram> is static and fixed but <quantum> is dynamic and changeable.
12 <Quantum> needs energy for its dynamism but does not need dynamic devices.
13 <Ideogram> resembles Nintendo’s FAMICON, but differs in the following 14-18.
14 <Ideogram> is a source of <language>.
14 <Ideogram> is a part of automatic language generating machine.
15 <Ideogram> is a figure which is scanned and reproduced easily.
16 <Ideogram>’s inputting devices are various, such as typing, voice inputting, manual writing, pictograph and so forth. 
17 <Ideogram> can install to language-answering-devices, such as telephone, vending machine, showing-way-machine and so forth. Answer is always individually different for the most adequate purpose.
18 <Ideogram>’s <grammar> is possible to be written as a sophisticated figure which is transformed to easy-readable style.
19 <Ideogram>’s <meaning> is enlarged by the adding-from-old-to-new system. See upper No.5-10.
 
 
 
TOKYO
March 4, 2005 
Sekinan Research Field of Language


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Text 11
Egyptian Hieroglyph Exhibition
Journey through the Afterlife Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead by The British Museum 2012


TANAKA Akio
                                        

The British Museum has exhibited The ancient Egypt at Tokyo, titled Journey through the Afterlife Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead.
The exhibition is excellent, especially total length 37 meters' Greenfield Papyrus is the highlight of the exhibit.


I feel over again that the letters on the papyrus is almost everlasting and my usual thought that the letters are superior than the spoken language which is thought important by Ferdinand Saussure.
Of course I have respected Saussure so much and have read COURS DE LINGUISTIQUE GENERALE time to time.
But the Occidental linguistics has not enough tradition on the ideogram as usual at Chinese characters.


Japan has also succeeded the Chinese tradition and culture. So we have much felt the importance on characters and letters.
Each ideogram has its unique molding technique and coinage ability.
I have very satisfied with hieroglyph's figures comparison to Chinese characters.

Also refer to the next.
 
  1. On Time Property Inherent in Characters / 2003
  2. Prague Theory / 2004


                                                                  Tokyo
                                                         12 September 2012
                                       Sekinan Research Field of Language


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Text  12

 The Days of Decipherment

TANAKA Akio

On 20 July 2016 I went Tokyo National Museum, Ueno Park, Tokyo to see the exhibition A JOURNEY TO THE IMMORTALS: TREASURES OF ANCIENT GREECE, where I saw the linear A and B. It reminds me the youth days, so to say, the days of decipherment.

1960s -1970s is the age of decipherment in a sense. I was age 20 in 1967 and was learning language and literature at university. In 1958 John Chadwick's THE DECIPHERMENT OF LINEAR B was published from Cambridge University Press. At the preface of the book he wrote that the decipherment of linear B was told  at Documents in Mycenaean Greek (Cambridge University Press, 1956) and Michael Ventris that deciphered the Linear B.

In the same age in Japan, Xixia wenzi (Xixia characters) in China was deciphered by NISHIDA Tatsuo (1928-2012) who wrote the analysis and grammar of Xixia characters through the paper Seikamoji no bunseki narabini Seikago bunpou no kenkyuu in 1962.
In almost the same time, Inca characters were studying to decipher. I frequently heard that Russian team developed largely.

In early 1970s I frequently went to Kanda, Tokyo where old bookshops were selling vast Oriental books at the Hakusan street and Yasukuni Street. I bought Chinese classics, especially linguistic classics written in the Qing dynasty and I read them almost every day containing the comparison with the western linguistic results. The Qing dynasty's heritage were DUAN Yucai, WANG Niansun, WANG Yingzhi and WANG Guowei and so forth. DUAN Yucai's Showenjezi zhu and WANG Guowei's Guantang jilin  were the most important for me.

In France, 1960s was the days of Bourbaki that was one of the decipher of geometry by algebra, at least I thought so at that time. I sought and bought several Bourbaki's books at the old bookshops in Kanda, Tokyo,which is the largest old bookshop streets in Japan. But from my ability to mathematics Bourbaki was too much difficult to read on. From the days the long and winding road began to mathematics and its applicable study for language universals.

At the exhibition of ancient Greece I confirmed in particular that the stability of language was  kept by letters and characters from the Linear A and Linear B. 

Exhibition Catalogue numbers are the next.
The numbers 39 and 40 are Linear A. 41 and 77 are Linear B.

39. Clay juglet c. 1800 B.C. ~ c. 1700 B.C.
40. Clay bar c. 1700 B.C. ~ c. 1650 B.C.
41. Clay tablet c. 1375 B.C. ~ c. 1350 B.C.
77. Linear B bar and tablet c. the 13th century B.C.

For my part the stability  has been one of the biggest themes on language phenomena since I was taught from CHINO Eiichi through the results of the Linguistic Circle of Prague, especially of Sergej Karcevskij.

​

                             ​​The exhibition catalogue and Chadwick's book Japanese translated edition.
 
 
Reference
  1. Essence of Language / SRFL Paper 
  2. Derived Category Language, 26 July 2016 Edition
References 2
  1. The Time of WANG Guowei
  2. 40 years passed from I read WANG Guowei
References 3
  1. Meaning Minimum On Roman Jakobson, Sergej Karcevskij and CHINO Eiichi
  2. Half Farewell to the Linguistic Circle of Prague and Sergej Karcevskij
  3. Sergej Karcevskij, Soul of Language
  4. Gift from Sergej Karcevskij
  5. Follower of Sergej Karcevskij
  6. For KARCEVSKIJ Sergej
  7. Notes for KARCEVSKIJ Sergej / Note for KARCEVSKIJ Sergej's "Du dualisme asymetrique du signe linguistique"
References 4
  1. Fortuitous Meeting
  2. ​Linguistic Circle of Prague
  3. Prague in 1920s
  4. Under the dim light
References 5
  1. The Time of Language, Ode to The Early Bourbaki To Grothendieck
  2. Bourbaki' ELEMENTS DE MATHEMATIUE Troisieme edition, 1964

Tokyo
30 July 2016
Sekinan Library

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Text 13
​The Days of Ideogram
​​​Ideogram from hieroglyph to LATEX Symbol List

TANAKA Akio
​Sekinan Library

Mark * in the text shows Reference number.


1. Ideogram
Ideogram has long history.
In the early paper I ever simply defined ideogram*0-1.
I also wrote relative papers on ideogram from the viewpoint of Chinese characters*3-1, 3-2, 3-3.
Especially Manuscript of Quantum Theory for Language 2003 is a starting root of my  research on language universals*3-2.
The history of ideogram continues from Egyptian hieroglyph to Chinese character and now adds LATEX Symbol List*6-1.
The 21st century will necessarily become the century of ideogram.
The reasons are below.
  1. Ideogram can contain rich information in small space. 
  2. Ideogram can show information at a glance.
  3. Ideogram can sustain information stably in long time*1-7.
  4. ​Ideogram has fertile capability to superb diversity of languages*8-5. 

2. Set theory
Probably in summer 1977, I was  designing for a paper on the sentence in language. The central part of the paper was connection between words or sentence, in which the logic of  language would be shown using the set theory as a simplified model of true and false. I was strongly influenced from Kurt Godel, Gaishi Takeuchi and Bourbaki*1-1. But this design was abandoned for my lack of mathematical basis keeping on.

3. Qing dynasty's linguistics
In 1980s and 1990s I was lost in learning Chinese classical character theory, Xiaoxue, especially Qing dynasty for ideogram's fundamental property*2-1. At this period I did not write any paper on language. I solely read WANG Guowei*1-2, WANG Yinzhi, DUAN Yucai and Qing dynasty's linguists.

4. Time property in characters
In Autumn 2002 I got pneumonia and was hospitalized about 2 weeks, where I thought of 1970s' dream, writing clear description on language universals by mathematics. The theme was as hard as ever. So, at the bed I thought the basis of language from a side of Chinese character’s classical approach which had vast heritage till Qing dynasty. I directed my attention to the character's figure which had compound meanings containing time elements continuing from Yin dynasty's hieroglyphic characters left on bones and tortoise carapaces some 2400 years ago. I thought that Chinese characters had containing time and its structure could be written by geometric approach once I had abandoned for difficulty. After leaving hospital, I wrote a paper titled On Time Property Inherent in Characters*3-1.  

5. Quantum elements 
In 2003 staying at Hakuba, Nagano, I wrote a rial paper on language universals from the viewpoint of physics. This was remained manuscript till now. The title was Manuscript of Quantum Theory for Language*3-2 for the time being. Because in summer 2003 I wrote the first paper on language universals from physics titles as Quantum Theory for Language*3-3 which was read at a conference held in winter  2003 of Nara Japan.
​
6. Finite generative
Language probably begins from finite elements and generates.*3-6, 3-7 its world responding to outer world. I learned the concept of finite generative from von Neumann Algebra*4-1 at around 2006 and 2007. 


7. Structure and dimension
Language probably has structure, which details are unknown now for me. But several phenomena hints me the existence of structure containing dimension. Its example is shown at the Crete's lie, on which I wrote a tiny paper titled as True-false problem of the Crete*3-8 in 2013.
​More details on mathematical approach to dimension is shown at Algebraic Geometry Language*4-2.

8. Immanent time
Chinese character has immanent time in figure *3-1, 3-4. On the theme I wrote several papers between 2003 and 2005. Main papers related with the theme are seen in  Early Paper and Early Paper 2*5-1, 5-2.
For the immanent time, I wrote a mathematical paper titles as Word as Infinite Loop Space*3-9.
In comparison with Chinese character, hieroglyph is very fantastic object on ideogram. For more details, hieroglyph is more complex for describing the concept using two functions, logogram expressing things' meaning  and phonogram expressing words' pronunciation*0-2, 8-3.
Besides hieroglyph has also definitive element which is put at the end of the word. This element is very similar to Chinese character's meaning element which is called Pang 旁 in Chinese*8-3.
But even for learning hieroglyph's  basis, I have not enough time now. I only like to see  the relative events on hieroglyph at time to time .  The exhibition held at Mori Arts Gallery in 2012, Tokyo titled as The British Museum ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD JOURNEY THROUGH THE  AFTERLIFE *8-2 was very fantastic, in which The Greenfield Papyrus was overwhelming.

9. Disposition, distance, flow and boundary
​For thinking of language, I have been interested in four elements, disposition, distance flow and boundary*3-10,11,12, 13,  which seem to become the basis of language.
especially at researching ideogram, disposition is fundamental to construct grammar.

10. Energy, dimension and distance
For more further research language , now I suppose at least three elements being  based from mathematical description, which are energy, dimension and distance*3-14.

11. Mapping and category
Ideogram now has an important part in computer age. Image confirmation is very popular at internet banking system, which can contain vast information in one image, so password decoding is more difficult than phonogram or Arabic numerals.
Generally ideogram has vast information to the others using comparatively easy way.
This ideograms situation resembles mapping at category theory in mathematics. For this point I wrote rough sketch to apply category theory to language theory. Sketch name is  Derived Category Language 2016*4-3.

Appendix
Sekinan Library's publicised papers  are shown at SRFL Paper*7-1.
Theoretical development on language universals are shown at Genealogical Tree of Sekinan's Paper Sixth Edition*6-2.
Related words and concepts on language universals are shown at Appendix / Language between Sergej Karcevskij and string theory, one century's trace The 30th Anniversary of Sekinan Library Memorial Essay*6-1.
Relative themes on language universals at Sekinan Library are seen at Twitter Sekinan Library’s Moments*7-3.
​
​
References

Sekinan Library
Author
​TANAKA Akio

0
  1. Ideogram. 4 March 2005.
  2. Quantification of Quantum. 29 May 2004. 

1
  1. The Time of Language
  2. The Time of WANG Guowei
  3. The Time of Wittgenstein　
  4. The Time of Quantum
  5. The Days of Distance
  6. The days when I was thinking on Energy Distance Theory
  7. The Days of Decipherment
  8. The days of von Neumann Algebra
  9. The days between von Neumann Algebra and Complex Manifold Deformation Theory
  10. Language between Sergej Karcevskij and string theory, one century's trace

2
  1. 40 years passed from I read WANG Guowei
  2. For WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig Revised with Symplectic Language Theory and Floer Homology Language
  3. Language between Sergej Karcevskij and string theory, one century's trace Preface
  4. Karcevskij conjecture 1928 and Kawamata conjecture 2002

3
  1. On Time Property Inherent in Characters
  2. Manuscript of Quantum Theory for Language
  3. Quantum Theory for language 
  4. Prague Theory
  5. Distance Theory
  6. von Neumann Algebra 2 Note Generation Theorem
  7. von Neumann Algebra 3 Note 1 Properly Infinite
  8. True-false problem of the Crete
  9. Word as Infinite Loop Space
  10. Disposition of Language
  11. Distance of Word
  12. Flow of language
  13. Boundary of language
  14. At least three elements for language universals​​

4
  1. von Neumann Algebra
  2. Algebraic Geometry Language
  3. Derived Category Language

5
  1. Early Paper
  2. ​Early paper 2
  3. Early Paper 3
  4. Recent Paper
  5. Recent Paper 2
  6. Recent Paper 3

6
  1. Appendix / Language between Sergej Karcevskij and string theory, one century's trace The 30th Anniversary of Sekinan Library Memorial Essay
  2. Genealogical Tree of Sekinan's Paper Sixth Edition

7
  1. SRFL Paper
  2. Sekinan Study
  3. Twitter. Sekinan Library. Moments​​

Outer sites and publication
​8
  1. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scot Pakin 19 January 2017.
  2. The exhibition catalogue of The British Museum ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD JOURNEY THROUGH THE  AFTERLIFE. Asahi Shinbun.
  3. Steven Snape. Decoding the stone. George Weidenfield and Nicolson Ltd. 1997.
  4. John Chadwick. THE DECIPHERMENT OF LINEAR B. Cambridge University Press. 1958.
  5. The exhibition  catalogue of A JOURNEY TO THE IMMORTALS : TREASURES OF ANCIENT GREECE.  Asahi Shinbun et al.  2016.
  6. Unicode® Technical Report #51 UNICODE EMOJI.

This essay is unfinished.

Tokyo
20 April 2017
Sekinan Zoho​

[Note]
7 march 2018
From the upper study, ideogram has special features as the next.
1. Ideogram is one style of writing language, rather near to image than letter.
2. Ideogram has potential to connects image and letter.
3. One ideogram generally contains more information than letter.
4. Ideogram has possibility to researching object by mathematics especially algebraic approach.
5. Ideogram has geographical and historical rich fields from Mesopotamia, Egypt to China. 
6. I take Chinese character for my research's  object.


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What is signal? The existence that generates language Preface-Main Issue 5 
Time and Ideogram
Completed Edited
7 April 2019




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